LEC真题解析 | 关于堕胎权问题

发表时间:2025-10-30 10:08作者:法平教育

LEC真题解析

宪法部分


·······················

A state legislature enacts a statute that it believes reconciles the state's interest in the preservation of human life with a woman's right to reproductive choice. That statute permits a woman to have an abortion on demand during the first trimester of pregnancy but prohibits a woman from having an abortion after that time unless her physician determines that the abortion is necessary to protect the woman's life or health.

If challenged on constitutional grounds in an appropriate court, this statute will probably be held


A. constitutional, because the state has made a rational policy choice that creates an equitable balance between the compelling state interest in protecting fetal life and the fundamental right of a woman to reproductive choice.

B. constitutional, because recent rulings by the United States Supreme Court indicate that after the first trimester a fetus may be characterized as a person whose right to life is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

C. unconstitutional, because the state has, without adequate justification, placed an undue burden on the fundamental right of a woman to reproductive choice prior to fetal viability.

D. unconstitutional, because a statute unqualifiedly permitting abortion at one stage of pregnancy, and denying it at another with only minor exceptions, establishes an arbitrary classification in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.


试题来源:LEC考试官网 模拟真题图片


·············


试题分析与知识讲解



题干解读

某州立法机关通过了一项法律,试图在“维护生命的州利益”与“妇女生育选择权”之间寻求平衡。该法律规定:

在怀孕的**孕期(first trimester),妇女可以自由堕胎;

但在此之后,除非医生认定堕胎是为了保护妇女的生命或健康(life or health),否则不得堕胎。


问题:若该法律被提起宪法诉讼,法院最可能作出的裁定是什么?


参考答案:C

违宪,因为该法律在胎儿具有生存能力(viability)之前,对妇女生育选择的基本权利施加了不当负担。

C. unconstitutional, because the state has, without adequate justification, placed an undue burden on the fundamental right of a woman to reproductive choice prior to fetal viability.)


考查要点

本题考查的是以下知识点:


(1)美国宪法第十四修正案的实质性正当程序(Substantive Due Process)原则。


题目涉及的核心宪法条款是:

“No state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”

这句“不得未经正当程序剥夺生命、自由或财产”中的“自由(liberty)”被最高法院解释为包括某些隐私权(right of privacy),而隐私权又被延伸为包括生育选择(reproductive choice)。


因此,堕胎权属于第十四修正案保护的“实质性正当程序权”(substantive due process right)。


(2)堕胎权(Abortion Right)隐私权(Right to Privacy)的延伸;“Undue Burden Test”(不当负担标准)与“Viability(胎儿可生存性)”时间线的宪法意义。


主要涉及的判例有:

  • Roe v. Wade (1973)

  • Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

  • (扩展)Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)


试题分析

背景知识(先前判例)

Roe v. Wade (1973) 案中,最高法院首次承认妇女的堕胎权属于“隐私权”范畴,受第十四修正案保护。

  • **孕期(前三个月):州不能限制堕胎。

  • 第二孕期:州可以为保护母体健康进行合理监管。

  • 第三孕期(胎儿可存活后):州可禁止堕胎,但须为母亲生命/健康保留例外。


Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) 案调整了先前判例的标准。

  • 放弃了“三阶段框架”,改用“Undue Burden Test”(不当负担标准)。

  • “不当负担标准”规定,州在胎儿具备可生存能力(viability)之前不得对妇女的堕胎权施加“实质性障碍”(substantial obstacle)。

也就是说,Casey (1992)案重申州在可存活期后利益可压倒个人权利。


对题干的法律分析

在本案中,该州法律(1)允许**孕期自由堕胎;(2)从第二孕期起就全面禁止堕胎(除非为保护母亲生命或健康)。


问题在于“第二孕期”胎儿尚未必具备生存能力(viability)。


根据 Casey(1992)判例,在胎儿可生存之前,州不得禁止或实质限制妇女堕胎。 因此,该法律在胎儿可生存之前就禁止堕胎,构成对妇女生育选择权的不当负担(undue burden)。


所以选项C正确。法律在胎儿可生存前限制堕胎,违反 Casey 案的“undue burden”标准。


延伸知识

  1. Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

该案推翻了Roe案Casey案确立的法律原则,认为宪法并不保障堕胎权。结果堕胎监管权回归各州(states regain authority)。


问题:本题为何适用Casey(1992)案标准,而不是Dobbs (2022)案的法律原则呢?


因为Dobbs (2022)案后,此类挑战要依赖州宪法而非联邦宪法,而本题情境假设是“联邦宪法挑战”(是联邦法而不是州法)。所以,本题需基于Casey(1992)案的“undue burden test”为准。


  1. 关于堕胎问题宪法原则演变



【ENG】



图片

点击“阅读原文,了解更多真题解析
图片

分享到:

地址:北京市海淀区中关村大街甲6号铸诚大厦B座704 电话:17720104536 邮箱:3147422575@qq.com
ICP备案编号:京ICP备19041184号-1 版权所有:法平教育 RSS订阅

友情链接:      LEC考试官网      /      北鼎考研      /      **励学      /      旗渡法律翻译